ABSTRACT
Legal protection for doctor's work safety during the Covid 19 pandemic has not received optimal preventive action from the government with the data showing that the death of health workers in Indonesia accounts for the highest in Asia. This study aims to discuss the concept of legal protection for doctors' work safety in handling Covid-19 cases on the basis of Saddu al-Dzari'ah. The main data source for this study's juridical-normative methodology consisted of secondary data from written legal materials quantitatively examined to provide analytical descriptive data. Results showed that legal protection for the safety of doctors in dealing with Covid-19 cases cannot be as required and correctly implemented in the legislation;in reality the rights of doctors are still neglected and not fulfilled. The government's failure to take preventive measures to offer legal protection for doctors means that mafsadat (injury) in managing C-19 cases persists, which is also evidenced by the number of doctors who died from C-19. Our findings suggest the importance of having the concept of legal protection for doctors in handling Covid-19 cases based on Saddu al-Dzari'ah so that doctors get comprehensive protection. © 2022, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Background: Long-acting injectable antipsychotics improved markedly patient adherence to psychotropic agents during the past decade. They were used mainly for long-term treatment of schizophrenia. However their role in short term or intermittent use or their effect on quality of life was not elucidated clearly. Objectives: To assess the impact of Long Acting Antipsychotic agents on quality of life of schizophrenic patients. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of psychiatric patients who were taking LAIs and/or oral antipsychotic drugs at Mohammad Said Kamal Hospital for Mental Illness in Bethlehem and Mental Health Clinic of The Ministry of Health in Hebron city during the period of September 2019 to March 2020. Results: Fifty one patients were included in this study, 74% males, age 50.69 ± 11.14 years old. Average duration of psychiatric disease was 17.78 ± 11.4 years. It was found that 9.6% patients were on oral dosage form (category I), 80.4% were on LAI and oral antipsychotics (category II), and 10% were on LAIs (Category III). Chi square test showed a significant difference between the 3-categories and GAF score (functionality), p=0.003. However, there was insignificant difference between the three categories and CGI-S(severity of symptoms) scores, p=0.170. When it comes to side effects, there was a significant difference among the three categories and DIEPSS, p=0.049. Kruskal–Wallis Test showed a significant difference between patients in the three categories and number of all drugs, p=0.007. There was also a significant difference between CGI-S-normal group and CGI-S-severe symptoms group and overall number of drugs used, p=0.02. Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference between number of all drugs used and the use of trihexphenidyl, p=0.001. Also there was a significant difference between number of antipsychotic drugs alone and thrihexphenidyl use, p=0.001. Patients were prescribed LAIs for the following reasons: non-adherence (47%), no reason at all (27.4%), patient dissatisfaction (13.7%), adherence and patient dissatisfaction (5.8%), side effects, convenience (ease of use), and availability of drug, (1.9%), for each. Conclusion: Improvement in functionality of schizophrenic patients goes along with use of LAIs either alone or in combination. LAIs improved adherence and minimizes polypharmacy.
ABSTRACT
Background: Angiotensin II enzyme (ACE 2) was extensively investigated in SARS-CoV-2 as the viral entrance. The abundance, distribution and diversity of this enzyme dictate the wide range of symptoms patients suffer from during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and determine late phase symptoms. Objective: To determine factors associated with diversity of COVID-19 symptoms and relationship of these symptoms to each other. Design and methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that involved 191 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive COVID-19 patients who were symptomatic while home quarantined between March 2020 and Jan-uary 2021 in Hebron district, southern West Bank. A well prepared questionnaire was used to gather clinical data and information about symptoms patients suffered from during the acute phase of infection. Results: 191 symptomatic PCR positive COVID-19 subjects were includ-ed in this study. They were 31.4 ± 16.4 years old and 59.2% females. Using Fisher`s exact test, there was a strong relationship between anorexia and loss of either taste, smell, or both or not losing any of them, p=0.002. Suffering from Gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms;such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or combination of them was associated with anorexia, p=0.002. We found a significant relationship between specific GIT symptoms and dizziness, or headache;p=0.00, for each one. There was a strong relationship between having any of the GIT symptoms and agues, or headache, p=0.045 and 0.000, respectively, on Pearson Chi-square test. There was also a relationship between gender and headache, p=0.002. Conclusion: Local or systemic GI symptoms, neurological symptoms (headache, dizziness) along with smell and taste are connected to each other via gut brain axis or micro biota gut brain axis. © 2021 Muamar M. A. Shaheen.